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Anarchist schools of thought can differ fundamentally, supporting anything from extreme individualism to complete collectivism.〔Slevin, Carl. "Anarchism." ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics''. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003.〕 Strains of anarchism have often been divided into the categories of social and individualist anarchism or similar dual classifications.〔Ostergaard, Geoffrey. "Anarchism". ''The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought''. Blackwell Publishing. p. 14.〕 Anarchism is often considered a radical left-wing ideology, and much of anarchist economics and anarchist legal philosophy reflect anti-authoritarian interpretations of communism, collectivism, syndicalism, mutualism, or participatory economics.〔"The anarchists were unanimous in subjecting authoritarian socialism to a barrage of severe criticism. At the time when they made violent and satirical attacks these were not entirely well founded, for those to whom they were addressed were either primitive or "vulgar" communists, whose thought had not yet been fertilized by Marxist humanism, or else, in the case of Marx and Engels themselves, were not as set on authority and state control as the anarchists made out." Daniel Guerin, ''(Anarchism: From Theory to Practice )'' (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970)〕 At some point "the collectivist, communist, and liberal and individualist strands of thought from which anarchists drew their inspiration began to assume an increasingly distinctive quality, supporting the rise of a number of anarchist schools."〔Mark Bevir (ed). Encyclopedia of Political Theory. SAGE. Los Angeles. 2010. Pg. 34〕 Anthropologist David Graeber has noted that while the major schools of Marxism always have founders (e.g. Leninism, Trotskyism, Maoism), schools of anarchism "almost invariably emerge from some kind of organizational principle or form of practice", citing anarcho-syndicalism, individualist anarchism, and platformism as examples.〔David Graeber and Andrej Grubacic, "(Anarchism, Or The Revolutionary Movement Of The Twenty-first Century )", ZNet. Retrieved 2007-12-13.〕 == Philosophical anarchism == (詳細はWilliam Godwin, in founding philosophical anarchism, developed what many consider the first expression of modern anarchist thought. Godwin was, according to Peter Kropotkin, "the first to formulate the political and economical conceptions of anarchism, even though he did not give that name to the ideas developed in his work."〔Peter Kropotkin, ("Anarchism" ), ''Encyclopædia Britannica, 1910〕 Philosophical anarchism contends that the state lacks moral legitimacy; that there is no individual obligation or duty to obey the State, and conversely, that the State has no right to command individuals, but it does not advocate revolution to eliminate the state. According to ''The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought'', philosophical anarchism "is a component especially of individualist anarchism."〔Outhwaite, William & Tourain, Alain (Eds.). (2003). Anarchism. ''The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought'' (2nd Edition, p. 12). Blackwell Publishing〕 Philosophical anarchists may accept the existence of a minimal state as an unfortunate, and usually temporary, "necessary evil" but argue that citizens do not have a moral obligation to obey the state when its laws conflict with individual autonomy.〔Klosko, George. ''Political Obligations''. Oxford University Press 2005. p. 4〕 As conceived by Godwin, it requires individuals to act in accordance with their own judgments and to allow every other individual the same liberty; conceived egoistically as by Max Stirner, it implies that "the unique one" who truly "owns himself" recognizes no duties to others; within the limit of his might, he does what is right for him.〔 Godwin opposed revolutionary action and saw a minimal state as a present "necessary evil"〔Godwin: "...however we may be obliged to admit it as a necessary evil for the present, it behoves us, as the friends of reason and the human species, to admit as little of it as possible, and carefully to observe whether, in consequence of the gradual illumination of the human mind, that little may not hereafter be diminished." ("An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice" )〕 that would become increasingly irrelevant and powerless by the gradual spread of knowledge.〔 Godwin advocated extreme individualism, proposing that all cooperation in labor be eliminated.〔"everything understood by the term co-operation is in some sense an evil." – In ''Britannica Concise Encyclopedia''. Retrieved 7 December 2006, from (Encyclopædia Britannica Online )〕 Godwin felt discrimination on any grounds besides ability was intolerable. Rather than throwing bombs or taking up arms to bring down the state, philosophical anarchists "have worked for a gradual change to free the individual from what they thought were the oppressive laws and social constraints of the modern state and allow all individuals to become self-determining and value-creating."〔Murphy, Brenda. The Provinceton Platers and the Culture of Modernity. Cambridge University Press 2005. pp. 31–32.〕 They may oppose the immediate elimination of the state by violent means out of concern that it would be left unsecured against the establishment of a more harmful and oppressive state. This is especially true among those anarchists who consider violence and the state as synonymous, or who consider it counterproductive where public reaction to violence results in increased "law enforcement" efforts. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anarchist schools of thought」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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